Cancer Preventive

	Signs/Symptoms	Diagnostic Aids	Treatment Options	Risk Factors	Suggested Preventative Measures
PROSTATE Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US): 179,300	Weak or interrupted urine flow Inability to urinate Difficulty stopping or starting urine flow Blood in urine	Digital rectal exam PSA blood test Transrectal ultrasonogram Needle biopsy	Surgery Radiation Horomone Therapy Cryosurgery Immunotherapy Chemotherapy (for metastatic disease) Clinical trails	Age-65 plus Animal fat Race-African American Family history	Limit animal fat
BREAST Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US): 175,000	Breast thickening or lump Nipple discharge or pain Breast skin dimpling Breast skin scaliness	Monthly breast self-exam Mammogram Breast ultrasound Ductogram Biopsy	Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Breast reconstruction Bone marrow transplant or stem cell rescue Clinical trails	Age-post menopause Personal or family history Atypical hyperplasia Early menstruation Late menopause No children Late childbirth Inherited gene mutations Pesticide and chemical exposures Alcohol consumption Weight gain Physical inactivity	Maintain healthy weight Exercise Limit alcohol intake Eat healthy diet
LUNGS Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):171,600	Persistent cough Sputum streaked with blood Chest pain Recurring pneumonia or bronchitis	Chest x-ray Sputum analysis Endoscopy of bronchial passages CT scans	Surgery Radiation treatment Chemotherapy Clinical trials	Cigarette smoking Exposure to chemicals, asbestos, radon Secondhand smoke	Don't smoke Reduce exposure to chemicals and secondhand smoke
COLO-RECTAL Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):129,400	Blood in stool Persistent bowel habit changes Abdominal pain Decreased appetite	Hemoccult stool exam Digital rectal exam Barium enema Sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Clinical trials	History of colon polyps Family history of colorectal (FAP) polyps Inflammatory bowel disease Obesity High fat/low fiber diet	Maintain healthy weight Increase fruits and vegetables Reduce dietary fat Exercise Possibly aspirin
NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):56,800	Swollen, painless lymph nodes Unexplained fever and/or weight loss Constant fatigue Night sweats	Blood tests Lymph node biopsy Bone marrow biopsy	Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplantation Clinical trials	Reduced immune function Exposure to pesticides, solvents, or fertilizers HIV	Maximize protection against pollutants
BLADDER Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):54,200	Blood in urine Frequent urination Inability to urinate Pain on urination Fever	Urinalysis Cystoscopy Intravenous pyelogram MRI Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Smoking Exposure to dye, leather and rubber Age-65 plus	Don't smoke Maximize protection against industrial, toxic chemicals
MELANOMA Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):44,200	Change in size of a mole Lesion with irregular border and red, white, or blue-black spots	Skin biopsy	Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Fair complexion Excessive exposure to sun Family history Multiple moles	Monthly skin exam Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher
UTERINE (Endometrium) Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):37,400	Abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting Pain during intercourse Pain in the pelvic area	Pelvic exam Dilation & curettage (D&C) Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy	Prolonged estrogen exposure Early menarche Late menopause No Children Failure to ovulate Obesity	Maintain ideal weight Annual pelvic exams Endometrial biopsy at menopause for women at high risk
LEUKEMIAS Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):30,200	Fatigue Paleness Weight loss Repeated infections Bruising easily Nosebleeds	Blood test Bone marrow biopsy	Chemotherapy Blood transfusions Bone marrow transplantation Clinical trials	Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation and to benzene	Avoid exposure to environmental pollutants
MOUTH ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):29,800	Sore that bleeds easily and does not heal A lump or thickening Red or white patch that persists	Visual inspection Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Cigarette, cigar or pipe smoking Smokeless tobacco Excessive consumption of alcohol	Don't smoke or use tobacco Drink moderately See dentist at 6-month intervals
PANCREAS Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):28,600	Jaundice Loss of appetite Abdominal pain Weight loss Nausea/vomiting	CT scan Ultrasound Endoscopy Biopsy	Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy	Smoking Chronic pancreatitis Diabetes Cirrhosis High-fat diet	Don't smoke Eat healthy diet
KIDNEY Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):28,000	Blood in urine Weight loss Recurrent fevers Pain in abdomen or side Fatigue	Urinalysis Blood tests Intravenous pyelogram CT/MRI Arteriography Ultrasound Needle biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Clinical trials	Smoking Asbestos exposure Obesity Long-term dialysis	Don't smoke Avoid asbestos exposure
OVARY Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):25,200	Abdominal enlargement Stomach discomfort Gas distention	Pelvic exam Transvaginal ultrasound Blood tests	Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Never pregnant Personal history or breast cancer Family history or ovarian cancer
STOMACH Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):24,000	Weight and appetite loss Heartburn Abdominal distention Vomiting blood Nausea and vomiting	Upper gastrointestinal barium x-ray Gastroscopy Endoscopy Biopsy	Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Clinical trials	Diet high in pickled, salted, smoked and dried foods Pernicious anemia Gastric atrophy Smoking	Decrease consumption of noted foods Don't smoke
THYROID Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):18,400	Neck swelling/lump Difficulty breathing or swallowing Hoarseness Swollen lymph nodes	Blood tests Ultrasound Radioactive iodine scan Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy	History of neck radiation for acne (childhood) Exposure to high-level radiation sources	Periodic thyroid scan for those at risk Use of protective measures during radiation exposure
BRAIN (Nervous System) Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):17,000	A seizure Persistent headache Personality changes Nausea/vomiting Loss of coordination Weakness or loss of feeling in arms and legs	Neurological exam CT/MRI Angiography Skull x-rays Echoencephalogram Myelogram	Surgery Radiation Gamma knife Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields Occupational exposure to oil or rubber	.
LIVER (Primary) Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):15,300	Abdominal swelling Vague pain upper right abdomen and back Fatigue Fever Weight loss Jaundice Loss of appetite	Liver scans CT/MRI Blood tests Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Clinical trials	Occupational exposure to chemicals, e.g, vinyl chloride Cirrhosis Alcohol abuse combined with heavy tobacco use Hepatitis B or C Poor nutrition	Hepatitis B & C vaccination Maximize protection against toxic chemicals Reduce alcohol consumption Don't smoke
MULTIPLE MYELOMA Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):13,000	Intermittent bone pain Weight loss Weakness Fatigue Broken bones Recurrent infections	Blood test for M proteins Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow biopsy X-rays/MRI	Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant/stem cell recovery Clinical trials	Family history Excessive exposure to radiation Exposure to certain agriculture and petroleum-related chemicals	Avoid radiation exposure Maximize protection from toxic industrial and agricultural chemicals
CERVIX Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):12,800	Abnormal vaginal discharge Unusual vaginal bleeding Pelvic pain	Pelvic exam Pap test Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Clinical trials	Intercourse before age 18 Multiple male sex partners Sexually transmitted infections with certain types of human papillomavirus	Annual Pap test Sexual partner discretion Don't smoke
OESOPHAGUS Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):12,100	Swallowing difficulty Indigestion Prolonged heartburn Coughing Hoarseness	Barium swallow Esophagoscopy CT/MRI Biopsy	Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Clinical trials	Heavy tobacco use with heavy alcohol use Reflux Barrett's esophagus Poor nutrition	Don't use tobacco Limit alcohol intake Eat well-balanced diet
LARYNX Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US):12,000	Hoarseness or other voice changes Persistent cough/sore throat Lump on neck Bad breath	Laryngoscopy CT/MRI Biopsy	Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Clinical trials	All forms of tobacco Alcohol abuse Asbestos exposure	Don't smoke Limit alcohol intake Avoid exposure to asbestos
HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA Approximate Annual Estimates for new cases (US): 7,200	Swollen lymph nodes Anemia Fever Night Sweats Weight loss	Blood tests CT/MRI Lymph node biopsy Bone marrow biopsy	Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Bone marrow transplant Clinical trials	Family history Epstein-Barr virus	Maintain immune system with healthy diet and lifestyle

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